SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2673, 15305, 15390, 2606, 15132, 2601, 
    2602, 2605, 2607, 2201, 2287, 2292, 
    2291, 2290, 2230, 2252, 2555, 2627, 
    2628, 2554, 2603, 2604, 2179, 13525
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00054

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2673,15305,15390,2606,15132,2601,2602,2605,2607,2201,2287,2292,2291,2290,2230,2252,2555,2627,2628,2554,2603,2604,2179,13525)"
    }
  }
}