SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    12687, 11800, 11801, 2738, 2739, 2740, 
    2737, 2845, 2643, 12708, 12707, 2347, 
    2307, 2306, 2308, 13820, 11805, 2335, 
    2216, 2217, 15142, 2220, 2803, 2264
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00036

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (12687,11800,11801,2738,2739,2740,2737,2845,2643,12708,12707,2347,2307,2306,2308,13820,11805,2335,2216,2217,15142,2220,2803,2264)"
    }
  }
}