SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2825, 2303, 2302, 2562, 2563, 2564, 11788, 
    2343, 11790, 12698, 2268, 2269, 2316, 
    4395, 2315, 2626, 2624, 11804, 11803, 
    2842, 2741, 12711, 12697, 11802
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00053

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2825,2303,2302,2562,2563,2564,11788,2343,11790,12698,2268,2269,2316,4395,2315,2626,2624,11804,11803,2842,2741,12711,12697,11802)"
    }
  }
}