SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    12748, 15130, 2282, 2723, 15152, 15153, 
    2725, 2728, 2732, 2729, 2722, 15126, 
    2828, 2714, 2715, 2716, 2717, 2713, 
    2623, 2622, 15128, 2724, 2726, 2727, 
    2730, 15151, 15150, 15423, 3216, 2718
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00041

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 30,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (12748,15130,2282,2723,15152,15153,2725,2728,2732,2729,2722,15126,2828,2714,2715,2716,2717,2713,2623,2622,15128,2724,2726,2727,2730,15151,15150,15423,3216,2718)"
    }
  }
}