SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    15298, 2806, 2805, 2710, 2709, 2712, 
    2711, 4211, 4353, 11891, 11835, 2253, 
    2676, 2672, 2667, 11126, 11125, 2668, 
    2662, 2660, 2670, 2671, 2666, 2661
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00022

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (15298,2806,2805,2710,2709,2712,2711,4211,4353,11891,11835,2253,2676,2672,2667,11126,11125,2668,2662,2660,2670,2671,2666,2661)"
    }
  }
}