SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    12709, 12644, 2801, 15148, 3217, 2265, 
    2509, 13837, 2512, 2574, 2565, 15388, 
    12935, 2621, 11119, 2560, 2664, 2684, 
    2665, 2663, 2279, 2514, 2511, 2513
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00029

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (12709,12644,2801,15148,3217,2265,2509,13837,2512,2574,2565,15388,12935,2621,11119,2560,2664,2684,2665,2663,2279,2514,2511,2513)"
    }
  }
}