SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2556, 2822, 2244, 2245, 2808, 2351, 2352, 
    2342, 2270, 2843, 2225, 2323, 2266, 
    13822, 2529, 2503, 2813, 2814, 13821, 
    4378, 2550, 2551, 13142, 15143
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00029

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2556,2822,2244,2245,2808,2351,2352,2342,2270,2843,2225,2323,2266,13822,2529,2503,2813,2814,13821,4378,2550,2551,13142,15143)"
    }
  }
}