SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2573, 2596, 14660, 15280, 14647, 13644, 
    15393, 15124, 12954, 2702, 2313, 11853, 
    13610, 13444, 12710, 2584, 13445, 11811, 
    2818, 11813, 11812, 2817, 2820, 2821
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00024

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2573,2596,14660,15280,14647,13644,15393,15124,12954,2702,2313,11853,13610,13444,12710,2584,13445,11811,2818,11813,11812,2817,2820,2821)"
    }
  }
}