SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2532, 2533, 2534, 13416, 2357, 2807, 
    12976, 2305, 2304, 11806, 12980, 12740, 
    11117, 11787, 2587, 2588, 2591, 2590, 
    2553, 2589, 2581, 2592, 2576, 2685
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00062

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2532,2533,2534,13416,2357,2807,12976,2305,2304,11806,12980,12740,11117,11787,2587,2588,2591,2590,2553,2589,2581,2592,2576,2685)"
    }
  }
}