SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2527, 11680, 2515, 2516, 2517, 2518, 
    15082, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2460, 2461, 
    2523, 2519, 2521, 2522
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00031

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 16,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2527,11680,2515,2516,2517,2518,15082,2457,2458,2459,2460,2461,2523,2519,2521,2522)"
    }
  }
}