SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2237, 11920, 2184, 2231, 2288, 2346, 
    2348, 2345, 2344, 2350, 2250, 2223, 
    13349, 2355, 2204, 2273, 2278, 2275, 
    2276, 2277, 2272, 2274, 4359, 2326, 
    2251, 2293, 2294, 2295, 2247, 2248
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00057

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 30,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2237,11920,2184,2231,2288,2346,2348,2345,2344,2350,2250,2223,13349,2355,2204,2273,2278,2275,2276,2277,2272,2274,4359,2326,2251,2293,2294,2295,2247,2248)"
    }
  }
}