SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    4970, 4963, 4974, 4978, 4956, 4962, 4959, 
    12457, 11777, 12268, 12270, 12271, 
    12272, 12275, 12276, 12255, 12257, 
    12258, 12259, 12260, 12261, 12262, 
    12269, 12263, 12264, 12265, 12266, 
    12267, 12273, 12274
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00019

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 30,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (4970,4963,4974,4978,4956,4962,4959,12457,11777,12268,12270,12271,12272,12275,12276,12255,12257,12258,12259,12260,12261,12262,12269,12263,12264,12265,12266,12267,12273,12274)"
    }
  }
}