SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    11482, 11485, 11516, 13771, 11500, 11498, 
    11522, 11481, 11480, 11525, 11483, 
    11484, 11488, 11491, 11499, 13783, 
    11526, 11523
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00018

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 18,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (11482,11485,11516,13771,11500,11498,11522,11481,11480,11525,11483,11484,11488,11491,11499,13783,11526,11523)"
    }
  }
}