SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    11912, 11913, 11904, 11905, 11915, 11914, 
    11917, 11916, 15106, 15071, 11664, 
    2616, 2615, 2552, 11121, 2570, 2617, 
    2618, 2703, 2706, 2708, 2701, 2329, 
    12686
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00047

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (11912,11913,11904,11905,11915,11914,11917,11916,15106,15071,11664,2616,2615,2552,11121,2570,2617,2618,2703,2706,2708,2701,2329,12686)"
    }
  }
}