SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    15123, 2184, 2231, 2288, 2754, 2346, 
    2348, 2345, 2344, 2350, 15295, 2250, 
    2223, 2649, 2652, 2651, 2650, 2634, 
    12688, 2639, 2637, 2638, 2355, 2204
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00032

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (15123,2184,2231,2288,2754,2346,2348,2345,2344,2350,15295,2250,2223,2649,2652,2651,2650,2634,12688,2639,2637,2638,2355,2204)"
    }
  }
}