SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2764, 12676, 12655, 2831, 2832, 15312, 
    13836, 2844, 2679, 2669, 2683, 2680, 
    2675, 2674, 4357, 11901, 11902, 11919, 
    11906, 11662, 11903, 11661, 11907, 
    11908
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00047

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2764,12676,12655,2831,2832,15312,13836,2844,2679,2669,2683,2680,2675,2674,4357,11901,11902,11919,11906,11662,11903,11661,11907,11908)"
    }
  }
}