SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    2241, 2238, 2164, 2283, 11114, 14589, 
    15137, 2743, 2742, 2687, 11797, 11796, 
    2688, 11899, 11898, 2756, 2755, 15156, 
    11810, 2189, 2328, 12694, 12696, 12695
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00027

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (2241,2238,2164,2283,11114,14589,15137,2743,2742,2687,11797,11796,2688,11899,11898,2756,2755,15156,11810,2189,2328,12694,12696,12695)"
    }
  }
}