SELECT 
  product_id, 
  amount 
FROM 
  cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount 
WHERE 
  product_id IN (
    13774, 11496, 13784, 11492, 11505, 11513, 
    13773, 11495, 13785, 11508, 13777, 
    11494, 11507, 13778, 11502, 11519, 
    11575, 11574, 11506, 13779, 11504, 
    13780, 11501, 13782
  ) 
  AND destination_id = 12 
  AND storefront_id = 0

Query time 0.00039

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "table": {
      "table_name": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount",
      "access_type": "range",
      "possible_keys": ["PRIMARY", "idx_storefront_id"],
      "key": "PRIMARY",
      "key_length": "9",
      "used_key_parts": ["product_id", "destination_id", "storefront_id"],
      "rows": 24,
      "filtered": 100,
      "index_condition": "cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.destination_id = 12 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.storefront_id = 0 and cscart_warehouses_destination_products_amount.product_id in (13774,11496,13784,11492,11505,11513,13773,11495,13785,11508,13777,11494,11507,13778,11502,11519,11575,11574,11506,13779,11504,13780,11501,13782)"
    }
  }
}